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Stormfighter: The Hawker Typhoon Story

為了解決By the Sea的問題，作者Carter, Patrick 這樣論述：

The Hawker Typhoon was one of the most powerful fighters built during the Second World War and one of the most effective ground-attack aircraft. In this fascinating book, Patrick Carter describes the development of the Typhoon, the experience of flying it and some of its notable wartime operation

s. The book begins with an introduction to the Hawker Aircraft Company and its chief designer Sir Sidney Camm and his family of ’stormfighters’. Apart from the Typhoon, these included the Tornado, Tempest and Sea Fury. He describes the new design concepts that would make the Typhoon capable of carry

ing twelve Browning machine guns as well as rockets but also the many teething problems that threatened to halt development. Much of the Typhoon’s effectiveness was due to its engine. The Napier Sabre was the powerful piston engine of the Second World War and gave the Typhoon the ability to chase do

wn the latest German fighters such as the Focke-Wolf Fw 190 as well as the V1 flying bomb. However, it is as a devastating ground-strike aircraft before and after D-Day that the Typhoon is best remembered. Having reached the pinnacle of piston-engine power, the Typhoon would be superceded by the new

aircraft of the jet age, including the Gloster E28/39, but its legacy will never be forgotten.

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中國大陸滾裝貨輪對台灣防衛系統策略運用模式之影響

為了解決By the Sea的問題，作者吳振安 這樣論述：

自 1949 年以來，中國大陸從不曾放棄以武力犯台作為完成統一大業的手段之一，並持續強化軍事整備及灰色地帶行為襲擾，對我國防安全威脅與日俱增，包含近年逐步 推動國防建設，與自2015年開始的軍事改革，至2020年已基本完成軍隊領導指揮體制、部隊兵力結構改革，期在 2035年達成基本實現國防和軍隊現代化，並且具備對臺灣作戰優勢及抗衡外軍能力，以對我國防衛安全造成嚴峻之挑戰。中國大陸過去一直以來無 法突破載運大量重型武器裝備與武裝人員的運輸能力，但是至2017年始，中國大陸已透過軍管民用船舶-滾裝貨輪來突破無法載運大量裝備與人員之窘境，達成大量投送貨 物與人，裝穿越台灣海峽之目的。依中國大陸之中

華人民共和國國防動員法規定，國家決定實施國防動員後，儲備物資無法及時滿足動員所需，縣級以上的中國大陸政府單位可以依法對民用資源進行徵用，而且預估將超過 37 餘艘以上具有大量運輸能力之滾裝貨輪，可能被徵收軍用。自2019年以來多次的中國大陸大型軍演，皆可看見軍管民用之滾裝貨輪接受徵用於載運重裝備的身影，且部分經改裝之滾裝船可運載至????50輛ZTD-05兩棲突擊車，其大量運載能力，已對我國防衛作戰構成相當程度之威脅。台灣本島國際港口計有五處，其中以高雄港、臺中港與臺北港碼頭數量較多、港區腹地較大且聯外道路較為完整，若遭敵奪佔，並使用各類型滾貨完成武器裝備及武裝人 員之儰裝卸貨，將對我國安全防

衛造成重大影響。本文即針對中國滾裝貨輪發展現況、軍用演訓運用及對我國西部國際港口之威脅，利用情境模式分析、SWOT 與 TOWS策略分析，並整合情監偵手段、強化先期制海能力與完備固封守港等作為，以剖析對我防衛系統之影響，並提出整合現有地面軍力與情資、對敵航母進行制壓、鞏固與開拓軍購市場、善用守勢之利持續戰場經營、持續鞏固國際關係等重要攻略，以及整合情監偵手 段盡早預警、加強避戰、完備封毀港作為等重要防守策略，可供我軍採用及應對，俾利防範中國解放軍可能採取之軍事威脅活動，提高我軍作戰之成功機會。關鍵詞:滾裝貨輪、中國動員法、國際港、防衛系統、SWOT 策略分析

Limitation of Liability in International Maritime Conventions: The Relationship Between Global Limitation Conventions and Partic

為了解決By the Sea的問題，作者Gutiérrez, Norman A. Martínez 這樣論述：

Limitation of liability for maritime claims is a concept of respectable antiquity which is now deeply entrenched in the maritime industry. Under this concept, the shipowner is entitled to limit his liability for maritime claims up to a maximum sum regardless of the actual amount of the claims. The c

oncept of limitation of liability has been adopted by many conventions ranging from those relating to the carriage of goods by sea, carriage of passengers and their luggage by sea, liability and compensation for pollution damage, to liability for the removal of wrecks. Each of these conventions has

its own approach to limitation of liability. However, these particular liability regimes share the international arena with global limitation conventions such as the 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims and the 1996 Protocol thereto.This book approaches limitation of liabil

ity from an international perspective looking at a number of key conventions including the global limitation conventions, the conventions relating to the carriage of passengers and their luggage by sea (1974 Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggage by Sea and the 20

02 Protocol thereto), conventions relating to liability and compensation for pollution damage (1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage and the 1992 Protocol thereto, the 1996 International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Ca

rriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea and the 2010 Protocol thereto, and the 2001 International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage), as well as the 2007 Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks. Each chapter of this book sets out to analyze pro

visions in the conventions which have proved to be controversial and subject to debate by courts and authors, as well as the relationship between the limitation provisions in claim specific liability conventions and in the global limitation conventions. Particular attention is also given to the pers

ons entitled to limit liability, ships in respect of which liability can be limited, claims subject to limitation, claims excepted from limitation, basis of liability (where applicable), loss of the right to limit, and the limits of liability.Limitation of Liability in International Maritime Convent

ions is of interest to academics and practicing lawyers who wish to understand the intricacies of the law of limitation. Norman A. Martínez Gutiérrez is a Senior Lecturer at the IMO International Maritime Law Institute, Malta.

台灣東北部海域廣東長吻鰩與尖棘甕鰩攝食生態研究

為了解決By the Sea的問題，作者呂泰君 這樣論述：

鰩類族群豐度高且分佈範圍廣，其營養位階幾乎涵蓋海洋食物鏈的中上層，透過食性研究最能深入了解鰩類在海洋生態系中與其他物種的相互關系。本研究針對宜蘭大溪漁港拖網漁船於龜山島海域附近捕獲之廣東長吻鰩（Dipturus kwangtungensis）及尖棘甕鰩（Okamejei acutispina）進行胃內容物分析。本研究自2018年4月至2019年10月間共採集到廣東長吻鰩361尾（雄魚177尾，雌魚184尾）及尖棘甕鰩135尾（雄魚66尾，雌魚69尾）。兩種鰩之餌料生物累積曲線隨樣本數的增加呈現平緩的趨勢，代表本研究樣本數足以描述其攝食生態。研究結果顯示廣東長吻鰩主要餌料為甲殼類，餌料生物重要

性指數百分比（%RI）以無法鑑定的蝦類（unidentified shrimp）為最高（%RI = 45.34），其次為對蝦總科（Penaeoidea）（%RI = 16.56）以及細螯蝦屬（Leptochela spp.）（%RI = 13.60%）。餌料生物多樣性隨個體體長增加而上升，但空胃率僅於季節間有差異，雄、雌魚攝食組成高度重疊，體長組別間以小型個體與中型個體重疊度為最高，而小型個體與大型個體為最低，顯示廣東長吻鰩會隨成長改變攝食對象。尖棘甕鰩餌料重要性指數以無法鑑定的硬骨魚佔比例最高（%RI = 42.52），其次為無法鑑定的蝦（%RI = 25.06）及對蝦總科（%RI = 20

.77）；餌料生物多樣性隨個體體長增加而上升，空胃率於性別間及季節間皆有差異。雄、雌魚攝食為高度重疊，體長組別間以中型個體與大型個體重疊度最高，顯示尖棘甕鰩亦會隨成長改變餌料生物。兩種鰩的攝食寬度經標準化後分別為0.03及0.05，皆為專一攝食物種；但由有效餌料生物數量（H'）計算顯示其棲地餌料生物種類多且豐度極高，兩種鰩應為隨餌料生物豐度及優勢程度改變攝食特性之種類。