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The Lives of Seaweeds: A Natural History of Our Planet’’s Seaweeds & Other Algae

為了解決Marine Environmental的問題，作者Phillips, Julie A. 這樣論述：

Julie A. Phillips is an environmental consultant, marine biologist, and algal specialist with Eco Algae Research. Previously, Phillips was a research fellow at the University of Queensland and Monash University.

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台灣東北部海域廣東長吻鰩與尖棘甕鰩攝食生態研究

為了解決Marine Environmental的問題，作者呂泰君 這樣論述：

鰩類族群豐度高且分佈範圍廣，其營養位階幾乎涵蓋海洋食物鏈的中上層，透過食性研究最能深入了解鰩類在海洋生態系中與其他物種的相互關系。本研究針對宜蘭大溪漁港拖網漁船於龜山島海域附近捕獲之廣東長吻鰩（Dipturus kwangtungensis）及尖棘甕鰩（Okamejei acutispina）進行胃內容物分析。本研究自2018年4月至2019年10月間共採集到廣東長吻鰩361尾（雄魚177尾，雌魚184尾）及尖棘甕鰩135尾（雄魚66尾，雌魚69尾）。兩種鰩之餌料生物累積曲線隨樣本數的增加呈現平緩的趨勢，代表本研究樣本數足以描述其攝食生態。研究結果顯示廣東長吻鰩主要餌料為甲殼類，餌料生物重要

性指數百分比（%RI）以無法鑑定的蝦類（unidentified shrimp）為最高（%RI = 45.34），其次為對蝦總科（Penaeoidea）（%RI = 16.56）以及細螯蝦屬（Leptochela spp.）（%RI = 13.60%）。餌料生物多樣性隨個體體長增加而上升，但空胃率僅於季節間有差異，雄、雌魚攝食組成高度重疊，體長組別間以小型個體與中型個體重疊度為最高，而小型個體與大型個體為最低，顯示廣東長吻鰩會隨成長改變攝食對象。尖棘甕鰩餌料重要性指數以無法鑑定的硬骨魚佔比例最高（%RI = 42.52），其次為無法鑑定的蝦（%RI = 25.06）及對蝦總科（%RI = 20

.77）；餌料生物多樣性隨個體體長增加而上升，空胃率於性別間及季節間皆有差異。雄、雌魚攝食為高度重疊，體長組別間以中型個體與大型個體重疊度最高，顯示尖棘甕鰩亦會隨成長改變餌料生物。兩種鰩的攝食寬度經標準化後分別為0.03及0.05，皆為專一攝食物種；但由有效餌料生物數量（H'）計算顯示其棲地餌料生物種類多且豐度極高，兩種鰩應為隨餌料生物豐度及優勢程度改變攝食特性之種類。

Handbook of Air Quality and Climate Change

為了解決Marine Environmental的問題，作者 這樣論述：

This handbook covers the air quality/air pollution from the viewpoints of causing impacts on human/ecosystem health and climate change. Traditionally, air pollution has been a concern mainly in terms of its impacts on human health, and it is still an immediate public and governmental concern in most

Asian countries. However, in recent years so-called extreme weather events, such as stronger tropical cyclones, flooding, drought, and other phenomena, have been manifested causing tremendous losses of human lives and properties. Importantly, climate models tell us that such extreme weather events

are actually induced by anthropogenic global warming. It has been pointed out that mitigation or alleviation of such climate change leading to the extreme weather events in the next 30 years can be possible only by reducing air pollutants with positive radiative forcing such as ozone or methane, whi

ch are called short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). Here, concerns about mitigation of air pollutants from the points of human health and climate change have merged. This book covers different kinds of air pollutants and radiative forcers and how they can be measured. It also mentions the situatio

n of air pollutants in different continents and their regional impacts to human health, environment and economy as well as their link to extreme weather events. The book presents how the air pollution and climate change can be mitigated and how clean air technologies and international initiatives fo

r co-controlling air pollution and climate change have been developed. Dr. Hajime Akimoto received his B.S. in 1962 and Ph.D. in 1967 in physical chemistry from the Tokyo Institute of Technology. For his postdoctoral research he spent 3 years, 1969-1971, in the Department of Chemistry at the Unive

rsity of California, Riverside, and worked on the chemistry of photochemical air pollution. In 1974 he joined the National Institute for Environmental Studies in Tsukuba, Japan, as the head of the Atmospheric Chemistry Section in the Atmospheric Environment Division, and then served as the chief of

the Atmospheric Environment Division and Global Environment Division.Subsequently, Dr. Akimoto moved to the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology at The University of Tokyo as a professor in 1993. In 2000, he joined the Frontier Research Center for Global Change, now under the Japan Ag

ency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology as the director of the Atmospheric Composition Research Program. After 2010 he served as director general of the Asia Center for Air Pollution Research in Niigata, Japan. Currently, he is a guest scientist at the National Institute for Environmental Studi

es.

海洋酸化對點帶石斑仔稚魚鈣離子運輸以及骨骼鈣化作用的影響

為了解決Marine Environmental的問題，作者黃辰宏 這樣論述：

根據政府間氣候變化專門委員會（IPCC）的預測，在本世紀末，二氧化碳濃度將提升至500~900 µatm，海水的酸鹼值則下降至7.9~7.7。海洋酸化會造成海水中碳酸鈣（CaCO3）飽和濃度升高，不利碳酸鈣在海水當中產生固態沉澱，並影響貝類以及珊瑚外骨骼的形成。此外，水體酸化可能會影響硬骨魚類的離子調節與發育生長，但並不清楚水體酸化是如何影響海洋硬骨魚類鈣離子的調節恆定性。本實驗比較飼養於正常的海水（pH 8.1）及不同酸化程度的海水（pH 7.8 與 pH 7.4）中40日齡點帶石斑仔稚魚，鈣離子運輸蛋白以及骨骼鈣質代謝相關基因在發育過程中的表現量變化。整體而言，實驗發現在酸化的環境之下仔

稚魚的成長與骨骼鈣離子累積並不會受到影響。然而，根據仔稚魚的離子調節、骨骼形成與鈣離子累積等數據的主成分分析卻顯示，水體酸化會影響整體的離子調節能力發展，以及可能輕微地影響對骨骼鈣離子沉積與再吸收。但是，若是以單一因子或以線性回歸進行分析與比較，則難以界定酸化對任何一組離子調控相關基因，例如細胞基底膜的鈣離子幫浦（pmca）、上皮鈣離子通道（ecac）以及運輸能量來源的鈉鉀離子幫浦基因的直接影響。此外，與骨骼鈣質沉積相關的成骨細胞（bglap）及破骨細胞（ctsk and trap）在海水酸化得情況下也並無獨立的顯著差異。實驗雖然表明在高二氧化碳的水體中，pH下降可能造成仔稚魚離子調節、骨骼形

成與鈣離子累積等因子的相互作用，而導致整體的生理差異。本研究亦顯示，點帶石斑魚仔稚魚的生長對高度酸化條件並不敏感，但此研究不能排除未來海洋酸化對沿海海水中的水產養殖業和野生種群影響的可能性。以目前而言，在海洋酸化的情況之下，硬骨魚的離子調節與鈣離子平衡的調節機制尚不明朗，須待更多研究證明。