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Handbook of Air Quality and Climate Change

為了解決Quality Marine的問題，作者 這樣論述：

This handbook covers the air quality/air pollution from the viewpoints of causing impacts on human/ecosystem health and climate change. Traditionally, air pollution has been a concern mainly in terms of its impacts on human health, and it is still an immediate public and governmental concern in most

Asian countries. However, in recent years so-called extreme weather events, such as stronger tropical cyclones, flooding, drought, and other phenomena, have been manifested causing tremendous losses of human lives and properties. Importantly, climate models tell us that such extreme weather events

are actually induced by anthropogenic global warming. It has been pointed out that mitigation or alleviation of such climate change leading to the extreme weather events in the next 30 years can be possible only by reducing air pollutants with positive radiative forcing such as ozone or methane, whi

ch are called short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). Here, concerns about mitigation of air pollutants from the points of human health and climate change have merged. This book covers different kinds of air pollutants and radiative forcers and how they can be measured. It also mentions the situatio

n of air pollutants in different continents and their regional impacts to human health, environment and economy as well as their link to extreme weather events. The book presents how the air pollution and climate change can be mitigated and how clean air technologies and international initiatives fo

r co-controlling air pollution and climate change have been developed. Dr. Hajime Akimoto received his B.S. in 1962 and Ph.D. in 1967 in physical chemistry from the Tokyo Institute of Technology. For his postdoctoral research he spent 3 years, 1969-1971, in the Department of Chemistry at the Unive

rsity of California, Riverside, and worked on the chemistry of photochemical air pollution. In 1974 he joined the National Institute for Environmental Studies in Tsukuba, Japan, as the head of the Atmospheric Chemistry Section in the Atmospheric Environment Division, and then served as the chief of

the Atmospheric Environment Division and Global Environment Division.Subsequently, Dr. Akimoto moved to the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology at The University of Tokyo as a professor in 1993. In 2000, he joined the Frontier Research Center for Global Change, now under the Japan Ag

ency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology as the director of the Atmospheric Composition Research Program. After 2010 he served as director general of the Asia Center for Air Pollution Research in Niigata, Japan. Currently, he is a guest scientist at the National Institute for Environmental Studi

es.

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臺灣民眾攝食養殖文蛤之安全風險與健康效益評估

為了解決Quality Marine的問題，作者黃桂霞 這樣論述：

文蛤是國人經常食用的水產品，具有保肝、抗氧化、抗癌及降膽固醇等機能，但養殖環境之重金屬會蓄積於文蛤體中，並依其暴露濃度及暴露族群可能對攝食民眾造成不同程度之危害，因此民眾茫然於食用文蛤是利是弊?本研究採集彰化縣、雲林縣與臺南市之養殖文蛤生樣品24件、熟樣品25件，分別以感應耦合電漿質譜法分析其鎘、鉻、銅、鉛、鐵、錳、硒與鋅之濃度，以高效液相層析再以感應耦合電漿質譜法分析其無機砷與甲基汞之濃度，結合風險評估模式、國家攝食資料庫、美國國家環境保護局與美國加州環境保護局等相關數據，推估國人各年齡層攝取養殖文蛤之食品安全風險。結果顯示，熟文蛤之無機砷平均濃度 (0.609 mg/kg) 高於衛生福利

部食品藥物管理署訂定之食品中污染物質及毒素衛生標準限量標準 (0.5 mg/kg)。整體而言，各年齡層族群攝入文蛤中無機砷所造成之非致癌風險高於其他重金屬，以0-3歲與3-6歲族群為例，攝入熟文蛤中無機砷之危害商數分別為 1.29 與 1.13，可能對人體造成色素沉著症與角化症。此外，本研究亦評估各年齡層族群攝入文蛤中無機砷與鉛之致癌風險，其中無機砷對人體造成之致癌風險大於鉛，0-3歲攝入熟文蛤中無機砷之致癌風險為5.79×10-4，長期食用可能會造成罹患皮膚癌之風險。另一方面將文蛤樣品以0.05% 蛋白酶於37C水解12小時製備水解物 (Hard clam hydrolysate, HCH

)。體外試驗顯示35 mg/mL HCH具抗氧化活性，其清除DPPH能力相當於 117.49 μM Trolox、螯合亞鐵離子能力相當於 95.62 μg/mL EDTA、還原力相當於 97.26 μg/mL Vitamin C。2.19 μg/mL HCH之 α-amylase抑制率為21.75%，但不具α-glucosidase抑制活性。人類腸道Caco-2 細胞以2.19 μg/mL HCH 處理具抑制sucrase 活性 ，相當於 62.5 μg/mL Acarbose。人類肝臟HepG2細胞以HCH處理無法促進葡萄糖攝入，但2.19與17.50 µg/mL HCH可延緩油酸誘導之脂質

蓄積。綜上，除了0-3歲與3-6歲族群攝入熟文蛤中無機砷外，各年齡層攝入文蛤中重金屬之危害商數皆小於1，為可接受風險；各年齡層族群攝入文蛤中無機砷與鉛之致癌風險，皆為不可接受風險。然而，文蛤蛋白水解物具抗氧化、降血糖及延緩非酒精性脂肪肝等活性，建議各年齡層族群適量攝取，每人每週可攝入熟文蛤量，0-3歲、3-6歲、6-12歲、12-16歲、16-18歲、19-65歲、65歲以上分別為 0.95、1.51、2.77、4.22、4.61、4.94及4.66 g/週。本研究成果可提供各年齡層攝取臺灣養殖文蛤之每週建議攝取量、呈現該食用量養殖文蛤潛在之人體健康效益。

Earth Observation Applications and Global Policy Frameworks

為了解決Quality Marine的問題，作者 這樣論述：

Applying Earth science knowledge to sustainable development, disaster risk reduction, and climate actionData and insights from Earth observations are critical for assessing the health of our planet, monitoring change, and addressing societal challenges from the local to the global scale.Earth Obs

ervation Applications and Global Policy Frameworks presents case studies of Earth science information integrated with statistics and socioeconomic data for managing development targets, improving disaster resilience, and mitigating and adapting to climate change. It also showcases open collaboration

among researchers, United Nations and government officials, entrepreneurs, and the public.Volume highlights include: Case studies of projects working with local and national governments, and through public-private partnerships, to make the most of the large volume of complex and diverse Earth scien

ce information sourcesApplications from diverse disciplines including wetland preservation, food security, water quality, marine conservation, disasters, urbanization, drought and land degradation, and greenhouse gas monitoringExamples of internationally coordinated initiatives that are driving prog

ress on three landmark United Nations agreementsResources for decision-makers and practitioners in local and national governmentsThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide res

ources for researchers, students, and professionals.

大台北地區冬季期間細懸浮微粒中水溶性離子組成特徵探討

為了解決Quality Marine的問題，作者杜育誠 這樣論述：

本研究探討冬季期間大台北地區大氣中細懸浮微粒的水溶性離子組成特性及逐時變動趨勢。於2021年1月1日至2021年3月31日在新北市泰山區明志科技大學校園內利用氣體與氣膠同步採樣連續監測儀(2060 MARGA R)分析每小時HNO3、SO2及NH3氣體與NH4+、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、NO3-及SO42-離子濃度。結果顯示HNO3、SO2及NH3在採樣期間的平均濃度分別為0.39 μg/m3、0.26 μg/m3及3.24 μg/m3。陽離子NH4+、Na+、K+、Ca2+及Mg2+的平均濃度分別為1.73、0.30、0.17、0.08及0.06 μg/m3。陰離子SO4

2-、NO3-及Cl-的平均濃度分別為3.12、2.32及0.40 μg/m3。其中Na+、Ca2+、K+及SO42-分別約有49.06%、10.65%、5.83%及2.30%是來自於海鹽飛沫。採樣期間水溶性離子占PM2.5質量濃度約42.44%，其中以SO42-、NO3-及NH4+為主要組成，占總水溶性離子約84.06%。採樣期間的硫氧化率(SOR)與氮氧化率(NOR)平均值分別為0.91與0.78，顯示採樣期間微粒中所含的SO42-及NO3-主要來自衍生性硫酸鹽及硝酸鹽。而本研究採樣期間的中和率(NR)平均值為1.02，顯示微粒接近於中性。採樣期間共有180小時PM2.5質量濃度超過35

μg/m3，事件小時(PM2.5≥ 35 μg/m3)的水溶性離子由高到低依序為NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、Cl-、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+。在事件小時中，除了Na+以外，其餘水溶性離子平均質量濃度皆高於非事件小時(PM2.5< 35 μg/m3)。但若依照水溶性離子占PM2.5比例來看，除了NO3-及NH4+占比有所提升外，其餘水溶性離子占PM2.5皆為下降趨勢。同時NOR在事件小時期間顯著增加，可見在事件小時期間所增加的衍生氣膠主要以NH4NO3微粒為主。另外藉由NR中和率來看，在事件小時的NR較非事件小時略高，相較而言較偏鹼性，表示有較多量的NH3可以中和大氣中HNO3及H2

SO4。