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Marine and Freshwater Toxins

為了解決Semi aquatic的問題，作者Gopalakrishnakone, P. (EDT)/ Tubaro, Aurelia (EDT)/ Kem, William 這樣論述：

This book presents the structure of the main toxins of aquatic origin, their distribution, producing species and vectors, their mechanisms of action, the clinical aspects of envenomation in humans, their effects in laboratory or wild animals, their toxicokinetic properties, including the relevant tr

eatment, detection methods and regulatory aspects for management. The work also presents the main species associated with the injuries, poisonings their toxins, mechanism of action and the clinical aspects of the envenomations by aquatic animals and discusses the actual measures utilized in the firs

t aid and hospital treatments. Marine toxins such as palytoxins, brevetoxins, saxitoxin, ciguatoxins, okadaic acid, azaspiracid toxins, equinatoxins are also dealt with in this volume. These toxins can be lethal as well as having a complex and large molecular structure and display mechanisms by whic

h they act very specifically on targets, receptors or on critical body proteins.The marine and freshwater environments are the new frontiers of humanity, but the increase of economic and tourist activities provoke nasty encounters between aquatic animals and humans. The main victims are swimmers, pr

ofessional and sportive fishermen, surfers and scuba divers as well as people working in related fields. The identification, knowledge and treatment of envenomations caused by venomous and poisonous animals are not adequate and the prevention of injuries still is not possible. Additionally, the imme

nse potential of the pharmacologic effects of their toxins is not fully explored. Toxins of venomous aquatic animals can cause proteolysis, myotoxicity, hemotoxicity (mainly hemolysis), cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity. The neurotoxicity is generally associated with toxins of dinoflagellates and cyano

bacteria, present in poisonous and/or contaminated invertebrates and fish. Prof. P. Gopalakrishnakone, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., F.A.M.S., D.Sc., is presently professor of anatomy and chairman of the Venom and Toxin Research Programme at Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore. H

e is also a consultant to the Defence Science Organization in Singapore and adjunct senior research scientist at the Defence Medical Research Institute. Prof. Gopalakrishnakone is an honorary principal fellow at the Australian Venom Research Unit, University of Melbourne, Australia. His research stu

dies include structure function studies, toxin detection, biosensors, antitoxins and neutralization factors, toxicogenomics and expression studies, antimicrobial peptides from venoms and toxins, and PLA2 inhibitors as potential drug candidates for inflammatory diseases. The techniques he employs inc

lude quantum dots to toxinology, computational biology, microarrays, and protein chips. Prof. Gopalakrishnakone has more than 160 international publications, four books, about 350 conference presentations, and 10 patent applications. He has been an active member of the International Society on Toxin

ology (IST) for 30 years and was president from 2008 to 2012. He is also the founder president of its Asia Pacific Section, a council member, as well as an editorial board member of Toxicon, the society’s official journal. His research awards include the Outstanding University Researcher Award from

the National University of Singapore (1998); Ministerial Citation, NSTB Year 2000 Award in Singapore; and the Research Excellence Award from the Faculty of Medicine at NUS (2003). His awards in teaching include Faculty Teaching Excellence Award 2003/4 and NUS Teaching Excellence Award 2003/4. Prof.

Gopalakrishnakone also received the Annual Teaching Excellence Award in 2010 at both university and faculty levels.Prof. Vidal Haddad Junior holds a degree in human medicine at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (1983) and an incomplete course of biological sciences from the São Paulo State Un

iversity (UNESP), both in Brazil. He holds an M.Sc. in Medicine (Dermatology) at the Federal University of São Paulo (1991) and Ph.D. in Medicine (Dermatology) at the Federal University of São Paulo (1999). He is currently associate professor (full professor) at the Botucatu Medical School, São Paul

o State University, serving as head of the Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy. He previously served as a professor at the Post-Graduation in Zoology in the Biosciences Institute - São Paulo State University and was collaborator physician in the Vital Brazil Hospital - Butantan Institute, São

Paulo State. He is currently Professor in the Post-Graduation in the Public Health Department of Botucatu Medical School (UNESP) and in the Post-Graduation in Wildlife of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu Program (UNESP). He belongs to the Deliberative Council of the B

razilian Society of Toxicology at the Deliberative Council, National Editorial Council, and is President of the Scientific Committee of the Brazilian Society of Dermatology. He acts as a consultant for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, National Foundation of Health and Department of Health of São Pa

ulo State Hospital (injuries for aquatic venomous animals). He has published eight books and 152 scientific papers based on experience in human medicine and biological sciences with an emphasis in dermatology and applied zoology, acting on the following subjects: marine and freshwater venomous, pois

onous and traumatic animals, composition and fractionation of venoms, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the envenomations, cutaneous leishmaniasis, severe acne, and public health fishing communities.Prof. Aurelia Tubaro is a member of the Italian and European Register of Certified Toxicologists. I

n 1995 she was included in the international directory of experts in toxic and harmful algae of UNESCO and National Marine Fisheries Service of the United States. In 2004 she was included in the AOAC International Task Force on Marine and Freshwater Toxins. She has been a member of EFSA’s expert dat

abase since 2009; a member of the editorial board of the international journal Toxicon (Elsevier) since 2010; and a member of the Board of the International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae (ISSHA) since 2012. She teaches the courses of ＂Toxicology of Natural Substances＂, ＂Algal Toxins Poisoni

ngs＂ and ＂Marine Toxicology＂ at the University of Trieste. Her research work is focused on the toxicological characterization of marine algal toxins and on the development of new methods for toxins detection.Prof. Euikyung Kim is a professor of pharmacology and toxicology major at School of Veterina

ry Medicine in Gyeongsang National University (GNU). He was born in Seoul, South Korea, and graduated Seoul National University in 1984 with a degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M). He then went to USA in 1988 for his Ph.D. degree from University of California at Davis, where he studied ry

anodine receptor calcium release channel of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum with Dr. Isaac N. Pessah and Dr. Shri N. Giri as research advisors. For his postdoctoral training at the Department of Pathology in Yale Medical School, he worked together with Dr. Stephen L. Warren for RNA polymerase II and

mammalian cell transcription-splicing. In 1996, he returned to Korea to join CJ CheilJedang R&D Center as a senior researcher in pharmacology department for the development of chemical synthesis-based drug discovery. A full operation of his toxinology studies has virtually begun from 2004 at Gyeongs

ang National University (GNU), especially on jellyfish venoms obtained from Korean oceans. He visited Dr. Wayne C. Hodgson in Monash University, Australia, in his early stage of the study. In toxinology field, he almost for the first time ventured the researches on scyphozoan jellyfish venoms and th

eir toxins. He is well-known as an expert for jellyfish venom in Korea and developed region-specific first aid strategy for the stings of various kinds of jellyfish venoms. He is also an organizer of the section of ’Jellyfish Venoms and Their Uses’ in annual meetings of Korea-China-Japan Internation

al Jellyfish Workshop.Dr. William R. Kem earned his B.S. degree in biology at Swarthmore College, his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physiology at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana and then did postdoctoral research with Dr. Toshio Narahashi at Duke Medical Center in the Department of Physio

logy and Pharmacology. In 1971 he joined the faculty of the University of Florida in Gainesville, where he is currently professor of pharmacology and therapeutics in the College of Medicine. The Kem laboratory uses natural toxins as ＂lead＂ compounds for the design of drugs targeting ion channels and

their associated receptors. Organic synthesis and semi-synthesis approaches are then used to obtain a variety of toxin analogs suitable for structure activity studies. Several drug candidates targeting certain brain nicotinic receptors are being developed. GTS-21 (also called DMXBA) is an alpha7 ni

cotinic receptor agonist that is currently in clinical tests for improving cognition in neurodegenerative diseases and reducing inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. GTS-21 is a synthetic derivative of anabaseine, a marine worm alkaloid. Kem has also investigated a variety of large pore-forming, pep

tide toxins as well as smaller peptides like the sea anemone Stichodactyla K channel toxin (ShK), which potently blocks lymphocyte potassium channels involved in autoimmune processes.

Semi aquatic進入發燒排行的影片

大量表現轉錄調控蛋白OsZIP1a-A, OsBZ8-like B及OsVP1對水稻淹水發芽及幼苗發育之影響

為了解決Semi aquatic的問題，作者屠崇家 這樣論述：

全球氣候變遷與社會經濟結構的改變，使得傳統水稻栽培方式在永續發展上面臨嚴酷的考驗。直播水稻因而興起成為傳統水稻移植栽培的替代方法，以順應時代的發展。水稻是所有穀類作物中，唯一可以淹水發芽的作物。水稻淹水發芽時期，既使在無氧的環境下也可以生成 α-澱粉水解酵素，分解胚乳的儲存澱粉提供生長所需的能量。然而其他的穀類作物則在淹水低氧環境下不會分解澱粉，導致無法發芽及生長。因此糖份的利用對於水稻淹水發芽耐受性而言，是重要的影響因子之一。已知水稻 α-澱粉水解酵素基因 αAmy3 (也稱為RAmy3D) 啟動子上具有糖及低氧反應複合體 (sugar and hypoxia response compl

ex，簡稱 SRC/HRC)，會受到低氧及無氧訊息誘導表現。我們先前的研究證實，αAmy3 SRC/HRC 的 G box 對於 αAmy3 的啟動子活性與低氧反應是重要的調控因子。前人研究指出，轉錄調控蛋白 bZIP (basic domain/Leu zipper) 可以與 G box 相結合，活化受逆境誘導的啟動子 (stress-inducible promoter) 的表達活性，並且此活化作用通常需要另一個轉錄調控蛋白VP1 (Viviparous1) 的參與。本研究利用水稻基因轉殖及澱粉酶酶譜法 (amylase zymography) 等技術，探討 αAmy3 基因受缺糖及缺氧訊

息 (sugar and O2-deficiency signaling) 調控表現之分子機制。本研究分析了兩個bZIP 轉錄調控蛋白，OsZIP1a-A 及OsBZ8-like B，以及OsVP1轉錄調控蛋白。研究結果發現，分別大量表現此三個轉錄調控蛋白於轉殖水稻細胞中，都會降低 α-澱粉水解酵素的活性。研究結果顯示，在過表達OsZIP1a-A 轉殖水稻植株中，相較於野生型水稻，種子發芽及幼苗生長有嚴重的延緩現象。然而糖的添加可以恢復此生長延緩現象，推測與影響 α-澱粉水解酵素的活性有關。此外，該轉殖株在淹水發芽及幼苗的建立方面亦呈現生長不良的影響。研究結果也發現，過量表達OsBZ8-lik

e B 轉殖水稻株在發芽與幼苗生長上，與野生型水稻並沒有差別，但是呈現出較差的淹水發芽耐受性。探討轉錄調控蛋白參與 αAmy3 基因調控表現，可以讓我們更清楚的暸解水稻淹水發芽耐受性的機制。期望能應用於開發水稻強勢種子與強健淹水幼苗品系之分子育種模式，將有助於創造快速生長與高逆境存活率之優良商業品種，並且應用於大規模採用水稻直播栽培上面，對於提升糧食安全及水稻生產之永續發展上將做出貢獻。

Essentials of Tortoise Medicine and Surgery

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為了解決Semi aquatic的問題，作者Chitty, John/ Raffery, Aidan 這樣論述：

Reach for this book whenever a sick or injured tortoise comes into the surgery. Essentials of Tortoise Medicine and Surgery is designed as a concise and practical quick reference for the busy practitioner seeing chelonians as part of their caseload. Covering everything from species identification to

common basic surgery for tortoises and freshwater turtles, the emphasis is on the more common and likely diagnoses. The first section of the book gives an overview of the basics of tortoise and semi-aquatic/ aquatic freshwater turtle husbandry and keeping, as well as a guide to general investigatio

n and diagnostic techniques open to clinicians. The second section provides a clinical guide based on clinical signs and differential diagnoses. Based upon the experience of authors who have been practicing with these species for several decades, this book is a useful guide to veterinarians, student

s, veterinary nurses and technicians new to working with these fascinating creatures. It will also serve as a useful aide memoire to more experienced clinicians. John Chitty BVetMed, CertZooMed, CBiol, MSB, MRCVS John is a director of a small animal and exotics practice in Andover, UK with a 100%

avian and exotics caseload. He works with several zoological collections and has lectured and published widely on a variety of avian and exotic species as well as co-editing two avian texts.Aidan Raftery MVB, CertZooMed, CBiol, MSB, MRCVS Aidan is currently the clinical director of the Avian and Exo

tic Animal Clinic in Manchester, UK. He is a visiting lecturer at the Royal Veterinary College, UK, and has produced many chapters for textbooks on exotic animal medicine and surgery. He is also a regular presenter at conferences and at continuing education events for veterinary surgeons.

原生及風化之微型塑膠對環境中防曬乳吸附行為探討之研究

為了解決Semi aquatic的問題，作者韓志翰 這樣論述：

環境中形成微型塑膠的來源主要由塑膠物質經過高溫降解之過程，而這些微型 塑膠也因為粒徑小，表面積大，能吸附較多的污染物於表面上，進而對環境以及人體造成危害。本研究主要目的為探討不同風化作用對微型塑膠所造成特性改變之影響，包含將微型塑膠放置空氣中、鹹水與淡水中，直接於太陽光下暴露 3 個月，以及利用氙燈模擬太陽光連續照射 24 小時等。此外，並藉由等溫吸附實驗與動力吸附實驗探討微型塑膠 oxybenzone 化合物(防曬乳成分之一)之吸附行為。本研究所使用的微型塑膠為 3 種不同特性之聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯 (polyethylene terephthalate, PET)、針對其用途可分為用於礦泉

水之寶特瓶(HEF-14)、果汁的寶特瓶(HEF-36)、碳酸飲料之寶特瓶(HEF-18)。 FTIR 分析結果發現微型塑膠表面有羥基與羧基的吸收波峰產生，顯示出受到氧化過程之降解作用，而 BET 分析結果也指出相較於原生的微型塑膠，經過風化作用後之微型塑膠有較多獨特的表面積產生。動力吸附與等溫吸附實驗結果顯示出本研究之 PET 吸附模式符合偽二階模式；原生微型塑膠主要以 Langmuir 為主要之等溫吸附模式，而風化後之微型塑膠則符合 Freundlich 等溫吸附模式。另外本研究也發現外在環境因子也會影響其吸附過程，且疏水效應與氫鍵之產生為 PET 對 oxybenzone 化合物之主要吸

附機制。